Until 1439, Serbia was an ally of Hungary, regarded also as a "buffer State" and its ruler Despot Stefan Lazareviç concluded an alliance with Hungary, obtaining resources that -for a while- successfully defended Belgrade. In 1439 however a spirited Ottoman offensive defeated Serbia and its ruler, Djuradj Brankoviç fled to Hungary. Thousands of his compatriots followed and settled along the Sava river and between the Sava and the Danube. After the Turkish exodus in the 17th century, most of their descendants stayed, forming an identifiable populace with its own language, culture, Cyrillic alphabet and religion. Preceded by a Serbian delegation to Pozsony (April 8), led by Djorde Stratimiroviç, satisfaction was expressed with the Diet's intent to free the peasants from Serfdom.

Stratimiroviç, however, decided to go further and suggested that areas with Serb population be allowed to secede and join with Serbia. This went beyond the Diet's objectives and Kossuth replied: In that case let the sword decide between us. Many of the Serbs lived within the Southern Border District . Having retaken Hungary from the Ottoman Empire, such Districts had been formed along the Southern and along part of the Eastern borders. They included a network of fortifications, manned by militia-type units largely from the local populace. Thus Serbs, Croats, were widely used in these formations, giving them armed capabilities.

Serbian peasants revolted and proceeded to kill Hungarians, Germans in the area of Nagykikinda. While this revolt was quashed, Metropolitan Rajaçiç called a "Serbian National Assembly" in Karlócz, which demanded joining Croats in territorial autonomy under Austrian rule.

The Serbs of Hungary were largely immigrants escaping the Turkish thrust in the 16th and 17th centuries, settling mostly in Southern Hungary. They had practiced religious autonomy while suspicious of "magyarization". Their leaders, including Metropolitan Rajacic (Rayachich), had supported the Hungarian independence movement, indeed accompanied the Diet delegation to Vienna. Endorsing the emancipation of the serfs, in a series of assemblies they demanded political autonomy, official use of the Serbian language : parallel to what Hungarians claimed from the crown.,

Josip Rajacic

As these demands were gradually refused, they had taken matters in their own hands. Metropolitan Rajacic was declared"Patriarch of all the Slavs, Serbs and Vlachs" * Colonel of the border guards Stevan Supljikac proclaimed "Vojvoda" (i.e. regent) of a newly designated Serbian province (curiously both Supljikac and his Hungarian rival Mészáros were at the time in Italy fighting for the Habsburg empire).
The subsequent "Karloca congress" declared loyalty to the crown (but not Hungary), and a readiness to ally with Croatia-Slavonia as well as Dalmatia. Upon visiting Ferdinand V in Innsbruck, however, under Rajacic's leadership, their plan was turned down.In Southern Hungary, a Serb rebellion broke out. They were led by a lieutenant from the Hungarian National guard. Palatine Stephen ordered regular imperial army units as well as the National Guard to put down the rebellion, but suffered initial defeats. While the Serbs were helped by units from the neighboring Serbian principality, they also included men and officers from regular Habsburg army units, who professed to fight for the emperor. Trying to differentiate between adversaries became a problem, as the imperial flags were used by both in addition to the banner of the Serb principality. The melee provided an excuse for looting and burning of Hungarian villages, which in turn encouraged reprisals. The revolt in fact went on for almost a year, in spite of repeated efforts to extinguish it.

* : The Vlachs (a.k.a. Wallachs) were also immigrants mostly from the Balkan to Southern Hungary andTransylvania. Their first groups started to appear in Hungarian territory in the 13th century. The Vlachs (or Wallachs) later changed their name and became known as Romanians.

Until 1439, Serbia was an ally of Hungary, regarded also as a "buffer State" and its ruler Despot Stefan Lazareviç concluded an alliance with Hungary, obtaining resources that -for a while- successfully defended Belgrade. In 1439 however a spirited Ottoman offensive defeated Serbia and its ruler, Djuradj Brankoviç fled to Hungary. Thousands of his compatriots followed and settled along the Sava river and between the Sava and the Danube. After the Turkish exodus in the 17th century, most of their descendants stayed, forming an identifiable populace with its own language, culture, Cyrillic alphabet and religion. Preceded by a Serbian delegation to Pozsony (April 8), led by Djorde Stratimiroviç, satisfaction was expressed with the Diet's intent to free the peasants from Serfdom.

Stratimiroviç, however, decided to go further and suggested that areas with Serb population be allowed to secede and join with Serbia. This went beyond the Diet's objectives and Kossuth replied: In that case let the sword decide between us. Many of the Serbs lived within the Southern Border District . Having retaken Hungary from the Ottoman Empire, such Districts had been formed along the Southern and along part of the Eastern borders. They included a network of fortifications, manned by militia-type units largely from the local populace. Thus Serbs, Croats, were widely used in these formations, giving them armed capabilities.

Serbian peasants revolted and proceeded to kill Hungarians, Germans in the area of Nagykikinda. While this revolt was quashed, in Karlócz, which demanded joining Croats in territorial autonomy under Austrian rule Metropolitan Rajaçiç called called it a "serbian National Assembly"

Serbian militia

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